Methadone maintenance treatment has been the most effective treatment for
addiction to heroin resulting the cessation of heroin use and criminal behavior.
Prior to the development of methadone maintenance treatment over 28 years ago
narcotic addiction was considered incurable and a behavioral disorder under the
control of law enforcement. Drs. Dole and Nyswander brought the treatment of
heroin use back into the doctor’s office treating the addict as any other
patient with a chronic disease. However, the original methods employed by Dole
and Nyswander have sometimes been misunderstood often impacting negatively on a
treatment that is virtually life saving for the addict.
Blind dosing has become a policy that some programs located outside of the
New York City area employ for various reasons. Several basic characteristics can
be found within programs with blind dosing policies: 1) an adequate dose is not
prescribed, 2) dosage has become a problem and 3) the program does not believe
in the disease concept of addiction, 4) the program views methadone as a
substitute drug, 5) the program does not understand the physiological
differences found in addicts, 6) the program does not follow a medical model, 7)
the program does not appreciate or understand the biological determinants of
drug craving, and 8) the program is basically administered by behaviorists who
treat heroin addiction as a character disorder.
Many programs believe that blind dosing is a therapeutic strategy to remove
the issue of depending on a chemical substance for support, to make them feel
normal and to get them through the day, so the addict can begin to look to
oneself instead. Unfortunately, it has the opposite effect of being destructive
to the therapeutic relationship between the patient and counselor and the
patient and program. The trust that is necessary for quality methadone treatment
is never developed because the patient feels betrayed and maligned by the one
thing that is suppose to understand them. And patients who are truly a very
small minority and may have problems such as competition with other patients for
the highest dose never have this problem dealt with in a therapeutic manner.
Blind dosing is the program’s way of avoiding the problems that these patients
may have. A cop out!
For programs that blind dose, successful patients are rare because only the
motivated patient who is determined is able to change their life may be able to.
This is not to say that blind dosing is inconsequential to these patients,
rather they are better equipped for rehabilitation and able to overcome their
feelings of anger toward the clinic. For the unmotivated and ambivalent
methadone patient with low self esteem blind dosing can be disastrous for their
response to treatment. These patients come into treatment with feelings of low
self esteem and hopelessness and need to develop a trusting relationship with
their counselor and the program, which is thwarted. The majority of these
patients could be successful too, but without their development of trust in the
program they can never begin to acquire the necessary attributes such as
responsibility and Independence to change their lives.
The treatment style of these clinics have been defined as reformist.
According to Rosenbaum (1985) while the reformist treatment style may work for a
short period of time, but eventually the patient will become angry and feel left
out of treatment decisions. The reformist philosophy is too damaging to one’s
self worth for any extended period of time resulting in a low retention rate for
these programs. Those in need of help may accept degrading definitions of
themselves temporarily, however the human psyche will attempt to maintain one’s
integrity and dignity, and will not tolerate long-term degradation, at least not
happily. Thus patients become embittered and resentful toward the clinic
eventually realizing that the program is wrong about many things, including
their treatment. The patient no longer takes their treatment seriously and
becomes frustrated and ambivalent. They can no longer be engaged in
participating in their treatment or it’s process.
Research has found that patients report that receiving methadone was both,
the best liked and most useful aspect of treatment (Stark & Campbell, 1991).
Studies indicate that patient’s awareness and influence in dosing decisions are
important treatment practices and related to retention in treatment (D’Annuno
and Vaughn, 1992; Watters, 1986). D’Annuno and Vaughn (1992) studied 172
methadone programs and found that many have policies that are not effective,
including blind dosing and the patient’s noninvolvement regarding dosing
decisions were noted. For over a decade HIV has been spreading through the
injecting drug user community thus emphasizing the importance of retaining
patients in treatment. Methadone when given in a adequate dose will block the
craving for heroin resulting in the cessation of heroin use and criminal
activity (GAO, 1990). Therefore, if for no other reason retention in methadone
treatment should be a priority for programs (Schuster, 1989). From the patient’s
point of view they have a right to know that they are receiving an adequate
dose.
However, their are other aspects of this that many programs may never think
of, perhaps because they know very little about methadone themselves and which
places them in jeopardy. If a patient is blind dosed and not receiving a
blockade dose of methadone and then overdoses they, or their family should they
die could sue the program. There would be little for the program to protect
itself with in such a legal matter, since the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment and the American Methadone Treatment
Association all have policy statements which say that blind dosing in
ineffective and wrong. A second problem is the diversion of methadone by staff
which is very tempting in such a situation. If patients do not know their dose
it would be very easy for program staff to take a few milligrams from every
dose. At the end of the day these few milligrams per patient would become a nice
perk for the employee, especially considering the cost of illicit methadone in
some locals. For the safety of the program it is common sense that patients
should know their dose.
Blind dosing is contrary to the modality developed by Dole and Nyswander that
has been so successful in treating heroin addiction. Dr. Nyswander believed and
taught other professionals to “…first listen to your patient and you will
never make a mistake” (Dole, 1992). She treated her patients with dignity
and respect, as worthy individuals deserving of medical care and treatment and
as valuable as any other individual receiving treatment for a chronic condition.
And that was why the Dole – Nyswander program was so successful. Now I ask you,
if you went to a physician who prescribed a medication that is described as a
“powerful narcotic” but would not tell you the dose, how would you
feel? Would any responsible adult in their right mind take it? Would you go back
to the physician?
Methadone patients like any other health consumer want to know, and have the
right to know their dose. Program staff that believe in these antiquated
policies need to look within and ask themselves how they would feel if they were
the patient. They need to realize the destructive effects of blind dosing on the
treatment process and have the courage to reverse the policy. In doing so
programs will give the patient’s the dignity that they deserve thus allowing
patients to go on with the difficult task of changing their lives instead of
being concerned with “What dose am I on?”
- D’Annuno, T and T.E. Vaughn. Variations in methadone treatment practices.
Results for a national study. Journal of the American Medical Association
1992 (January 8) 267(2): 253-258. - Dole, V.P. Personal communication, 1992.
- General Accounting Office. Methadone Maintenance: Some Treatment Programs
Are Not Effective; Greater Federal Oversight Needed. Washington, DC:
GAO/HRD-90-104, 1990. - Rosenbaum, M. A matter of style: Variation among methadone clinics in the
control of clients. Contemporary Drug Problems 1985 Fall: 375-399. - Schuster, C. Methadone maintenance. An adequate dose is vital in checking
the spread of AIDS (Director’s Column). NIDA Notes 1989 Spring/Summer: 3,
33. - Stark, M.J. and B.K. Campbell. A psychoeducational approach to methadone
maintenance treatment: A survey of client reactions. Journal of Substance
Abuse Treatment 1991 8: 125-131. - Watters, J.K. Treatment environment and client outcome in methadone
maintenance clinics. Thesis topic: University of Michigan, 1986.